Membrane bioreactors incorporating hollow fiber membranes have become prominent as a effective technology for numerous biotechnological applications. These systems provide distinct advantages such as {high{surface area-to-volume ratios, efficient mass transfer, and enhanced cell retention. This a

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their ability to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR performance is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The design of the module, including the type of membrane materi